30 ans d'IRM à Grenoble2023-10-23T08:02:58+02:00Krainikurn:md5:d8ce1a66d5ed05b3b3b652af3c226d89DotclearConférence - 30 ans d'IRM à Grenobleurn:md5:e2a66200d288d00f4def245ec33947352015-10-07T18:03:00+02:002015-10-08T12:41:55+02:00Alexandre Krainik<p>Conférence grand public sur les 30 ans d'IRM à Grenoble, donnée le jeudi 8 octobre 2015 à la Maison du Tourisme de Grenoble</p> <p>30 ans d'IRM à Grenoble - Jean-François Le Bas, Chantal Remy, Alexandre Krainik</p>
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</div>Expositionsurn:md5:370099c7565737c8387d1b3cc76572e62015-09-27T18:56:00+02:002015-09-28T11:32:05+02:00Alexandre KrainikFête de la Science 2015<p>30 ans d'IRM à Grenoble sont dévoilés à travers 6 panneaux didactiques présentés simultanément sur le site Santé (<a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Au-coeur-de-l-IRM-%3A-portes-ouvertes-sur-l-IRM">Unité IRM - Platerforme IRMaGe</a>, <a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/30-ans-d-IRM-au-CHU-de-Grenoble">Hôpital Michallon - Hall Vercors</a>, <a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/27/30-ans-d-IRM-%C3%A0-la-Biblioth%C3%A8que-Universitaire-de-M%C3%A9decine-et-Pharmacie">Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacie</a>).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p> <p>30 ans d'IRM à Grenoble sont dévoilés à travers 6 panneaux didactiques (<a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_complet.pdf" hreflang="fr" title="Kakemonos">à télécharger</a>) présentés simultanément sur le site Santé :</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/30-ans-d-IRM-au-CHU-de-Grenoble"><strong>Hôpital Michallon - Hall Vercors</strong> : Accès libre</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/27/30-ans-d-IRM-%C3%A0-la-Biblioth%C3%A8que-Universitaire-de-M%C3%A9decine-et-Pharmacie"><strong>Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacie :</strong> Accès libre</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Au-coeur-de-l-IRM-%3A-portes-ouvertes-sur-l-IRM"><strong>Unité IRM - Plateforme IRMaGe :</strong> </a><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Au-coeur-de-l-IRM-%3A-portes-ouvertes-sur-l-IRM">Visite guidée</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_1-titre_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p>
<p><ins><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_2-questions_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a><br /></a><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_3-histoire_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_3-histoire_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_3-histoire_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_3-histoire_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_3-histoire_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></ins></p>
<p><ins><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_4-medecine_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_4-medecine_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_4-medecine_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_4-medecine_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_4-medecine_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></ins></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_5-neuro_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_5-neuro_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_5-neuro_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_5-neuro_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_5-neuro_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/30ansIRM-Grenoble_6-vision_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_6-vision_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Kakemonos/.30ansIRM-Grenoble_6-vision_lr_m.jpg" alt="30ansIRM-Grenoble_6-vision_lr.jpg" title="30ansIRM-Grenoble_6-vision_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p>Conférencesurn:md5:8527bca4d4cccd2b771b1acefd37faad2015-09-27T18:54:00+02:002015-10-07T17:06:17+02:00Alexandre KrainikFête de la Science 2015<p>Médecins et chercheurs partagent leur passion de l'imagerie médicale avec 2 conférences :</p>
<p><strong>30 ans de révolution IRM à Grenoble,</strong> conférence donnée à la <strong>Maison du Tourisme</strong> le <strong>jeudi 8 octobre à 19h30;</strong></p>
<p><strong>IRM et Vision,</strong> conférences données au <strong>Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences</strong> le <strong>j</strong><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; text-align: justify;"><strong>eudi 8 octobre 14h30</strong> et le <strong>vendredi 9 octobre à 10h30</strong></span></p> <div class="fichechapo" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0 0 15px; text-align: justify;">
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<!--StartFragment-->
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 10pt 20pt 4pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#351C75;
mso-fareast-language:FR">30 ans de révolution IRM à Grenoble</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 10pt 0cm;"><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#434343;
mso-fareast-language:FR">Conférence</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 10pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Organisateur
: CHU Grenoble / Structure Fédérative de Recherche n°1</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Première
ville à accueillir un équipement d’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) corps
entier il y a 30 ans, Grenoble est pionnière dans ce domaine d’un point de vue
tant scientifique que technologique. Cet équipement a révolutionné l’approche
médicale depuis le diagnostic jusqu’à la thérapie. Cette conférence retrace
l’histoire de la recherche et de la technologie, mais aussi les collaborations
interdisciplinaires et indispensables entre la physique et la médecine. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Avec
J.-F. Lebas, C. Rémy, A. Krainik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/10/07/Conf%C3%A9rence-30-ans-d-IRM-%C3%A0-Grenoble">Voir la conférence "30 ans de révolution IRM à Grenoble"</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><strong><ins><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Informations
pratiques</span></ins></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Niveau
: </span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Lycée, Post-bac</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Thème
: </span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Médecine, Recherche biomédicale</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Dates
et horaires : </span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Jeudi 8 octobre, 19h30 - 20h30</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Adresse
:</span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-fareast-language:FR"> Maison du Tourisme, 14 rue de la République, 38000
Grenoble</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Réservation
: </span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#980000;mso-fareast-language:FR">Entrée libre</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Contact
:</span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-fareast-language:FR"> Hélène Deschamps (</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1155CC;mso-fareast-language:FR"><a href="mailto:helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr">helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr</a>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1155CC;mso-fareast-language:FR"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1155CC;mso-fareast-language:FR"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg" title="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/.Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble_m.jpg" alt="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg" title="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 10pt 20pt 4pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(53, 28, 117);">IRM et Vision</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 10pt 0cm;"><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(67, 67, 67);">Conférence</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 10pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Organisateur : Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences / Structure Fédérative de Recherche n°1</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Découvrez les prouesses de l'IRM pour mieux comprendre la vision et son intégration dans le cerveau. Cette conférence </span>complète une exposition didactique située dans le hall du Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 9pt;">Avec </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">E.
Bellot, S. Ramanoel, A. Attyé</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><ins><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Informations pratiques</span></ins></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Niveau : </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Collège, Lycée, Post-bac</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Thème : </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Médecine, Recherche biomédicale</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Dates et horaires : </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Jeudi 8 octobre 14h30 / Vendredi 9 octobre 10h30</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Adresse :</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;"> Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Chemin Fortune Ferrini, 38700 La Tronche</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Réservation : </span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(152, 0, 0);">Entrée libre (80 places)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">Contact :</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;"> Hélène Deschamps (</span><a href="mailto:helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr</span></a><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; color: black;">)</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR"><br /></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/affiche_GIN.jpg" title="affiche_GIN.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/.affiche_GIN_m.jpg" alt="affiche_GIN.jpg" title="affiche_GIN.jpg, oct. 2015" /></a><br /></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20pt 0.0001pt 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR"><br /></span></strong></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div><strong><strong><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:0cm;
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mso-bidi-
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mso-bidi-text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><!--EndFragment--></span></strong></span></strong></p>
</strong></strong>Au coeur de l'IRM : portes ouvertes sur l'IRMurn:md5:634ad87184723d70d59efffa95bbde4b2015-09-27T18:52:00+02:002015-09-29T11:15:54+02:00Alexandre KrainikFête de la Science 2015<p><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">A l'occasion des 30 ans de l'IRM à Grenoble, venez découvrir cette technologie qui a révolutionné le diagnostic médical et l'approche thérapeutique. L'IRM permet d'explorer de multiples organes : le système nerveux, l'appareil locomoteur, le coeur, l'appareil digestif, les reins, le pelvis, le foetus, ... Pour comprendre son fonctionnement, cette visite guidée vous emmène au coeur de l'IRM et dévoilent comment obtenir une image médicale.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/Kids_MRI.jpg" title="PMS 72263-1-055254"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/.Kids_MRI_m.jpg" alt="PMS 72263-1-055254" title="PMS 72263-1-055254, sept. 2015" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p> <div class="fichedetailactioncol1" style="float: left; width: 479px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0;"><p><strong>L'IRM de recherche IRMaGe vous ouvre ses portes.</strong><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Lieux/.IRMaGe_lr_s.jpg" alt="IRMaGe_lr.JPG" title="IRMaGe_lr.JPG, sept. 2015" /></p>
<p>Elle est située dans l'unité IRM du CHU de Grenoble à La Tronche. </p>
<p><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/.3T_m.jpg" alt="3T.JPG" title="3T.JPG, sept. 2015" /></p>
<p><strong><ins><span class="fichesoustitredate">Public scolaire : </span><span>Primaire, Collège, Lycée, Post-bac</span></ins><span> </span></strong></p>
<p>Jeudi 8 et Vendredi 9 octobre : 9h à 17h</p>
<p><em>Attention ! Réservation obligatoire auprès de <a href="mailto:helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr" hreflang="fr" title="Helene Deschamps">helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr</a></em></p>
<p><a href="mailto:helene.deschamps@grenoble-univ.fr" hreflang="fr" title="Helene Deschamps"><br /></a><strong><span class="fichesoustitredate"><ins>Grand public : <span>Tout public</span></ins><span><ins> </ins></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span class="fichesoustitredate">Samedi 10 octobre : 9h à 17h (entrée libre)</span></p>
<p><strong>La visite comprend :</strong></p>
<div><ul><li>une <a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Expositions" hreflang="fr" title="Exposition">exposition commentée</a></li>
<li>l'utilisation d'une IRM pour enfants</li>
<li>une démonstration sur une IRM 3T</li>
</ul>
<div><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/Kids_MRI.jpg" title="PMS 72263-1-055254"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/.Kids_MRI_m.jpg" alt="PMS 72263-1-055254" title="PMS 72263-1-055254, sept. 2015" /></a></div><div><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/mystery1.gif" title="mystery1.gif"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/mystery1.gif" alt="mystery1.gif" title="mystery1.gif, sept. 2015" style=" display: block;" /></a></div><div><ins><br /></ins><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/mystery2.gif" title="mystery2.gif"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Photos/mystery2.gif" alt="mystery2.gif" title="mystery2.gif, sept. 2015" style=" display: block;" /></a></div></div><div class="ficheactiondatedebut"><em>source: www.io9.com</em></div></div>L'IRM documentée à la Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacieurn:md5:070ce3085a6c4d82e938bca5965ba4dc2015-09-27T18:29:00+02:002015-09-27T17:46:41+02:00Alexandre KrainikFête de la Science 2015<p><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Dans le cadre des 30 ans de l'IRM, la Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacie propose une mise en valeur d'une bibliographie ainsi qu'une sélection de documents sur le thème de l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique ainsi que les </span><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Expositions" style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">6 panneaux didactiques sur l'IRM</a><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:20.0pt;margin-bottom:
4.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:
3"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#351C75;
mso-fareast-language:FR">L'IRM documentée</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:20.0pt;margin-bottom:
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#434343;
mso-fareast-language:FR">Exposition</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:
3">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:20.0pt;margin-bottom:
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:FR">Organisateur
: <a href="http://sicd1.ujf-grenoble.fr/-ActuBum-" hreflang="fr" title="BUMP">Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacie</a> / SFR1</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:20.0pt;margin-bottom:
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">Dans le cadre des 30 ans de l'IRM, la Bibliothèque Universitaire de Médecine et Pharmacie propose une mise en valeur d'une bibliographie ainsi qu'une sélection de documents sur le thème de l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétiq</span><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">ue ainsi que les </span><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2015/09/26/Expositions" style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">6 panneaux didactiques sur l'IRM</a><span style="color: rgb(71, 71, 71); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:20.0pt;margin-bottom:
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><span style="color: rgb(7, 67, 82); font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Dates et horaires 2015</span></p>
<div class="fichediv" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0 0 15px; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica;">Lundi 5 octobre au Jeudi 8 octobre de 08h30 à 22h<br /><span class="fichesoustitredate" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;">Vendredi 9 octobre de 08h à 19h</span></span></div><div class="fichediv" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0 0 15px; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica;"><span class="fichesoustitredate" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px;">Grand public : </span>Tout public <br /><span class="fichesoustitredate" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px;">Public scolaire : </span>Post-bac</div><div class="fichediv" style="margin: 0; border: 0; padding: 0 0 15px; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold Regular', Arial, Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Lieux/BUMP_lr.jpg" title="BUMP_lr.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Lieux/.BUMP_lr_s.jpg" alt="BUMP_lr.jpg" title="BUMP_lr.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></div>30 ans d'IRM au CHU de Grenobleurn:md5:09bc5774fa1371072461b35cbcd91b0a2015-09-26T19:14:00+02:002015-09-27T18:11:54+02:00Alexandre KrainikFête de la Science 2015 <p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg" title="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Affiches/Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg" alt="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg" title="Affiche_30_ans_IRM_-_CHU_de_Grenoble.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p>1985 : Inauguration de l'IRM au CHU de Grenobleurn:md5:80291c40970532c8e0c79679c8eea9832015-09-26T08:22:00+02:002015-10-03T19:16:50+02:00Alexandre KrainikHistoire de l'IRM à Grenoble<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Cet article <span style="font-size: 11pt;">signé par Isabelle Gonnet est paru </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">dans L’hospitalier - CHUG </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">N° 30 en octobre 1985.</span></p> <h4><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Article </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">signé par Isabelle Gonnet </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">dans L’hospitalier - CHUG </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">N°30 octobre 1985</span></h4>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Articles_Pdf/Inauguration.jpg" title="Inauguration.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/Articles_Pdf/Inauguration.jpg" alt="Inauguration.jpg" title="Inauguration.jpg, sept. 2015" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></a></p>20 ans d'IRM à Grenobleurn:md5:f36d9e527d4cd42b244512ea6c57cac92015-09-26T07:52:00+02:002015-10-03T19:17:33+02:00Alexandre KrainikHistoire de l'IRM à Grenoble<p>Cet article de Robert Allemand est paru en 2006 dans l'ouvrage de l'exposition "De la mesure à la robotique" coordonnée par Roger Sarrazin et Sylvie Bretagnon.</p> <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><h1><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">L’HISTOIRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’IRM AU CHU DE GRENOBLE</span></h1>
<h4><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Robert Allemand, Max Coulomb, Roger Gariod, Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">François Le Bas, Corinne Mestais, Roger Sarrazin, Edmond Tournier.</span></h4>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Article publié en 2006 dans l’ouvrage qui accompagné l’exposition De la mesure à la robotique coordonnée par Roger Sarrazin et Sylvie Bretagnon au </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Musée grenoblois des Sciences médicales</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">. Recherches médicales et scientifiques au centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">C’est en 1952 que Félix Bloch et Edwards Mills Purcell obtiennent un prix Nobel pour avoir décrit le phénomène de la résonance magnétique nucléaire et son application reste dans le domaine de la Physique et de la Chimie. Le succès considérable du scanner X ouvre la voie aux développements d’autres méthodes de reconstruction d’images en coupes du corps humain à partir de mesures physiques répétées et repérées, spatialement : c’est ainsi que se développent l’échotomographie avec les ultrasons, la gamma tomographie avec les isotopes radioactifs, et l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) avec la résonance magnétique nucléaire. En 1973, Paul Lauterbur publie dans la revue « </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Nature </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">» un premier article qui consacre l’idée de réaliser des images par RMN chez l’homme. Dès lors, le phénomène de résonance magnétique nucléaire s'applique alors principalement à l'imagerie médicale.</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Un phénomène physique</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">C'est un phénomène physique qui concerne les aimantations des noyaux atomiques. Ces aimantations sont directement liées aux propriétés des protons qui composent pour partie ces noyaux atomiques. Le noyau d’hydrogène est l’un des éléments qui « résonne le mieux ». C’est heureux, car c’est aussi l’un des constituants majeurs de notre organisme (H</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">O, CH</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">, CH</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">3,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">...). L’image de RMN à visée médicale est une image représentative de la distribution de l’eau de nos tissus et les contrastes obtenus dépendent de la quantité d’eau mais surtout de sa qualité : eau libre, eau liée, eau extra cellulaire, eau intracellulaire, eau intra vasculaire, et des paramètres qui en décrivent les mouvements à l’échelle élémentaire (diffusion, rotation, translation). Ces paramètres qui s’expriment à travers la mesure des constantes de temps de relaxation.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
</div></div><div class="section" style="background-color: rgb(243, 243, 243);"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig1.jpg" title="Fig1.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig1_m.jpg" alt="Fig1.jpg" title="Fig1.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Figure 1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">: Au repos, dans un champ magnétique B</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">, les aimantations élémentaires nucléaires précessent autour du champ B</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">à une vitesse angulaire caractéristique </span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">. Leur résultante M</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">est aligné avec B</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">. Lors d’une excitation radiofréquence B1 (0) à la fréquence de résonance, l’aimantation M</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">est basculée d’un certain angle (90° sur le schéma par rapport à la direction d’application du champ B</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">). Le retour à l’équilibre se caractérise par une remontée de la composante longitudinale à sa valeur de repos M</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">et une décroissance de la composante transversale liée au déphasage des aimantations élémentaires entre elles.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig2.jpg" title="Fig2.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig2_m.jpg" alt="Fig2.jpg" title="Fig2.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Figure 2 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">: Cette remontée de la composante longitudinale se fait de façon exponentielle avec des constantes de temps différentes pour les différents tissus. On appelle T1 cette constante de temps. Elle dépend de l’organisation de l’eau dans le tissu concerné. Plus le tissu est riche en eau plus T1 est long en général (T1 = 3 secondes pour l’eau pure, et T1 = 0,5 seconde à 0,8 seconde pour les tissus biologiques).</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig3.jpg" title="Fig3.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig3_m.jpg" alt="Fig3.jpg" title="Fig3.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Figure 3 : </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le principe de la construction de l’image RMN repose sur un codage de l’espace par le biais de champs magnétiques additionnels (gradients de champ) qu’on superpose au champ B</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: -2pt;">0 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">dans les directions X, Y, et Z. Les fréquences de résonance du noyau observé (celui d’hydrogène pour l’imagerie RMN) varient alors selon la valeur de ces champs additionnels, et on peut ainsi par le biais de la fréquence repérer la position.</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section" style="background-color: rgb(243, 243, 243);"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Ces temps de relaxation (T1 et T2) sont accessibles à la mesure, après une excitation radiofréquence, transmise par une antenne qui va créer le phénomène de résonance, par l’observation à travers une autre antenne (ou cette même antenne) du retour à l’équilibre des aimantations (relaxation). Ce qui fait aujourd’hui le succès de cette imagerie c’est d’abord son extraordinaire capacité d’observer avec des contrastes différents, les tissus malades des tissus sains, et donc de détecter des anomalies ; c’est aussi le fait que cette technique soit totalement non invasive ce qui permet de répéter autant que de besoin les examens dans un cadre médical mais aussi dans un cadre de recherche.</span></p>
</div></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><h2><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Une collaboration entre les physiciens et les médecins</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">A Grenoble, l'ouverture du CENG en 1954 et les travaux de Louis Néel</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Calibri; vertical-align: 5pt;">1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">et son attribution d'un prix Nobel en 1970 inaugurent une tradition dans le domaine du Magnétisme. L’histoire du développement de l’Imagerie par résonance magnétique est le fait de compétences spécifiques mais aussi d’opportunités. Elle repose sur les liens qui existaient alors déjà entre notre établissement et son environnement scientifique, et s’est inscrite dans les suites de l’histoire du scanner X. Il est intéressant de noter d’ailleurs que dans les méthodes de reconstructions utilisées en scanner X comme dans les méthodes d’acquisition et de traitement des données utilisées en IRM, l’outil mathématique mis à l’honneur est la transformée de Fourier : fantastique outil que nous devons à Joseph Fourier qui, comme chacun sait, réalisa ces travaux à Grenoble.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><p><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: TrebuchetMS; vertical-align: 3pt;">1 </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: TrebuchetMS; font-weight: 700;">Louis Eugène Félix Néel </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: TrebuchetMS;">(1904-2000) est né à Lyon (France) le 22 novembre 1904, il entre à l’École normale supérieure en 1924. En 1932 il obtient son doctorat en sciences physiques à la Faculté des Sciences de Strasbourg où il sera Professeur de 1937 à 1945. Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Grenoble de 1945 à 1976, il sera successivement directeur du Laboratoire des Essais Mécaniques de l’Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble (1942 - 1953) puis Directeur du Laboratoire d’Electrostatique et de Physique du Métal de Grenoble (1946 - 1970) et enfin Directeur du Laboratoire de Magnétisme de Grenoble (1971 - 1976).Membre de l'Académie des Sciences en 1953, il reçoit la médaille d'Or du CNRS en 1965 et le prix Nobel de physique en 1970. Il décède en 2000 à l'âge de 96 ans</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Le développement de la RMN dans le domaine biomédical</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">La prise en compte des possibilités de développement de la RMN dans le domaine biomédical débute en France en 1985: un groupe de travail est réuni au niveau national par Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Claude Bisconte, alors responsable du Génie Biologique et Médical à la Direction Générale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (DGRST). La représentation des grenoblois est déjà importante avec la présence de Alim</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Louis Benabid, A .Chibon, Roger Gariod, Pierre Servoz</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Gavin, et Michel Soutif. Suite à cette réunion, la DGRST confie à Pierre Servoz</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Gavin (Responsable de Recherche au Département de Recherche Fondamentale du CENG) la présidence d’un « Comité National pour le développement des applications biomédicales de la RMN ». A partir de ce moment là, à Grenoble, plusieurs équipes se mettent au travail en collaboration avec les physiciens spécialistes de RMN ou des champs magnétiques :</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le laboratoire de Médecine et Chirurgie expérimentales et comparées que dirigeait le Pr Alim-Louis Benabid avec Michel Decorps, Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Louis Leviel, et le Pr Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">François Le Bas;</span></p>
</li>
<li><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le laboratoire de Physiologie Animale – Pr André Rossi, Noel Lavanchy, Josette Martin;</span></p>
</li>
<li><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le Laboratoire d'Électronique de Technologie de l'Information (LETI) avec Robert Allemand, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt;">Roger Gariod, Michel Laval et André Briguet</span></p>
</li>
<li><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le département de Recherche fondamental (DRF) avec Pierre Servoz</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Gavin;</span></p>
</li>
<li><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Le </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Service National des Champs Intenses (SNCI), </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">laboratoire du CNRS, avec G. Aubert et J. Vallier.</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Dès 1980, la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Compagnie Générale de Radiologie (CGR) </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">manifeste son intérêt pour cette nouvelle imagerie, et décide de s’y engager. Le Comité de coordination national de la DGRST (développer) envisage de promouvoir l’étude et la réalisation d’un appareil, en collaboration entre la CGR et le laboratoire de l’Institut d’Électronique Fondamental d’Orsay (Mr Sauzade). Le SNCI est invité à y collaborer pour la réalisation de l’aimant. Dès lors le Comité National pour le développement des applications biomédicales de la RMN s’engage à soutenir les actions tant au niveau des chercheurs que des industriels concernés.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt;">En janvier 1982, le Professeur Roger Sarazzin, organise une réunion, à Grenoble, avec les différents acteurs et promoteurs du développement de la RMN. Avec Mr Cadet Directeur Général du CHU, il présente à Hubert Dubedout, Président du conseil d’administration et maire de Grenoble un «programme préliminaire </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">d’évaluation clinique et technique de l’imagerie par RMN au CHU de Grenoble ». Ce dernier propose que la délibération du Conseil d'administration appuyant cette demande soit adressée au ministère de la Santé accompagnée d’un dossier d’intention d’acquérir un équipement. Au début du mois de juin le projet grenoblois est remis à Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Claude Bisconte. Des discussions ont lieu au niveau régional, à l'instigation de la mission régionale de la recherche à la Préfecture de la Région Rhône</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Alpes pour associer l’ensemble de la Région Rhône</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Alpes dans cette démarche. A Lyon, M Michel Amiel, chef de service de la Radiologie de l’Hôpital cardiologique, est un interlocuteur privilégié et s’engage lui aussi très activement.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Au mois de novembre, un programme d’installation et d’évolution de l’imagerie RMN dans notre centre hospitalier, est adressé au ministère de la Santé. Il prévoit les surfaces, les dotations en personnel et le budget pour cette opération. Trois mois plus tard le ministère de la Santé notifie l’autorisation d’implantation de quatre imageurs en France : à Bordeaux, à Montpellier, à Paris et à Grenoble.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">La proximité du CEA et des compétences locales justifient ce choix. Fort de l’expérience du scanner X dans le Service Central de Radiologie du centre hospitalier de Grenoble des contacts sont pris avec Thomson</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">CGR et Grenoble est choisi par la CGR pour être le premier site français à être équipé d’un imageur 0,5 Tesla. Parallèlement, un certain nombre de travaux se développent dans le laboratoire du Pr Alim</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Louis Benabid, notamment sur le versant spectrométrie RMN biomédicale. Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">François. Le Bas est désigné pour coordonner le groupe de travail pour ce projet d’implantation d’un imageur RMN au CHU De Grenoble.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Au mois d'octobre 1983, Mr Dupuy, architecte du groupe des Six est consulté pour démarrer l’étude de la construction d’un bâtiment destiné à recevoir cet imageur. A l’époque, les contraintes d’installation liées au champ magnétique créé par l’équipement paraissent très lourdes. Le choix du site est abordé, et une décision unanime intervient rapidement pour qu'il soit installé à proximité du CHU et du pavillon de Neurologie, et qu’il soit en lien direct par un couloir avec le bâtiment central du CHU. Ce choix a été tout à fait judicieux de la part de notre administration puisqu’il permettra les extensions futures. L’État finance 60 % de l’acquisition de ce premier matériel. Le bâtiment construit est à la charge du CHU. Le CHU met en place autour de Jean</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Franàois Le Bas une structure administrative et logistique qui lui permet d’embaucher quatre manipulateurs et une secrétaire. L’unité IRM ainsi créée est rattachée au secteur radiologique et a pour mission de réaliser une évaluation clinique de cette technique. Le bâtiment est livré dans les délais, et la machine est installée en avril 1985. C’est une jeune ingénieur, Corinne Mestais, qui travaille alors à la CGR, qui installe cette machine à Grenoble. Aujourd’hui, elle est responsable du programme imagerie médicale au LETI !</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">L’inauguration de l’Unité IRM a lieu en septembre 1985. Le Professeur Michel Geindre est des nôtres pour l’inauguration, mais il nous quitte peu après. Nous saluons ici sa mémoire et le remercions de sa confiance. Comme pour l’expérience du scanner X, installé au CHU, cette mission d’évaluation d’un premier équipement IRM fût très riche, enthousiasmante. Il était déjà assez facile de prédire que cette imagerie par RMN s’imposerait comme une des techniques majeures de l’imagerie médicale.</span></p>
</div></div><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig4.jpg" title="Fig4.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig4_m.jpg" alt="Fig4.jpg" title="Fig4.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a><br /><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Fig. 4 Scanner X du Service de neuroradiologie</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig4a.jpg" title="Fig4a.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig4a.jpg" alt="Fig4a.jpg" title="Fig4a.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
</div><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Fig. 4a Image de l’encéphale et du crâne acquise en coupes axiales sur cet équipement : le liquide céphalo</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">rachidien apparaît en noir, la tige cérébrale en gris, l’os en blanc en rapport avec l’échelle des densités de ces tissus</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>
</div><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig5.jpg" title="Fig5.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig5_m.jpg" alt="Fig5.jpg" title="Fig5.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Fig. 5 Le professeur Jean-François Le Bas devant un équipement IRM 1,5 Tesla de l’Hôpital Nord</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig5a.jpg" title="Fig5a.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig5a.jpg" alt="Fig5a.jpg" title="Fig5a.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
</div><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Fig. 5a Image de l’encéphale et du crâne, acquise en coupe sagittale sur cet équipement : les raies noires (absence de signal), le liquide céphalo</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">‐ </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">rachidien est gris, le tissu cérébral est plus clair, la graisse, sous cutanée plus blanche en rapport avec l’échelle des temps de relaxation longitudinaux T1 (de ces tissus)</span></p>
</div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">IRM et le scanner deux méthodes de diagnostique</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">L’IRM apporte pour l’exploration des organes pleins et des régions immobiles une sensibilité diagnostique supérieure à celle du scanner X, en particulier dans l’exploration du cerveau et de la moelle. Une petite lésion ischémique ou inflammatoire sera souvent mieux vue qu'avec le scanner X et le bilan des lésions plus précis. Le signal RMN est modulé par un certain nombre de paramètres biologiques permettant une exploration fonctionnelle et même métabolique dans certain cas. C’est enfin une technique non invasive, c'est</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">à</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">dire qui peut être répétée dans le temps sans aucun dommage pour le patient, ce qui autorise son utilisation pour des recherches sur le sujet normal notamment en ce qui concerne le fonctionnement cérébral. Le scanner X reste un examen de première intention dans la plupart des situations pathologiques et en particulier dans le cadre de l’urgence. Il explore très finement l’os et pourra détecter de petites fractures. Il repère très bien les saignements et les hémorragies. Il est fiable et de réalisation très rapide, accessible dans toutes les circonstances, ce qui n’est pas le cas de l’IRM. Ces deux techniques permettent d’explorer le corps entier, en coupes, et autorisent des reconstructions en trois dimensions. La résolution spatiale est de l’ordre du millimètre cube.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Quelques années plus tard en 1993, un deuxième équipement est installé, et une extension du bâtiment initial permet d’accueillir un équipement à plus haut champ 1,5 Tesla PHILIPS, dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec le secteur libéral qui souhaite logiquement pouvoir faire bénéficier les patients qui lui sont confié de cette technique. Le regroupement de ces deux machines et de leur co</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">utilisation est une solution intéressante pour la formation des médecins.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">C’est en 2000 que dans le cadre d’un programme national « Projet de soutien technologique à la Recherche Clinique » (PSTRC) qu’on installe à Grenoble un équipement 3 Tesla corps entier dédié aux activités de recherche. Il est installé dans une extension du bâtiment initial. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">Aujourd’hui, le CHU de Grenoble dispose, sans aucun doute, de la plus belle plate</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: 700;">forme d’imagerie clinique de RMN de France.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">La construction de l’Institut des Neurosciences et le transfert du plateau technique d’imagerie RMN expérimentale pour le petit animal dans ce bâtiment à proximité de la plate</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">forme d’imagerie clinique va encore accroître cette visibilité. La plate</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">forme IRM de Grenoble qui regroupe ces deux composantes est aujourd’hui reconnue sur le plan national. En 2003, sous l’impulsion de Pr Alim</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Louis. Benabid, le CHU acquiert une IRM per </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">opératoire, installée dans le bloc opératoire neurochirurgical. Cet équipement permet sur table un contrôle du geste interventionnel. Fin 2005, un nouvel équipement d’IRM 1,5 Tesla est installé à l’hôpital Sud pour des développements autour de l’appareil ostéoarticulaire. Cet équipement est co</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">utilisé par le public et le secteur libéral, les deux équipements cliniques du CHU étant aujourd’hui totalement consacrés à l’activité du CHU.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/Fig6.jpg" title="Fig6.jpg"><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/HistoireIRM_Figures/.Fig6_m.jpg" alt="Fig6.jpg" title="Fig6.jpg, sept. 2015" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">Figure 6. Aujourd’hui les contraintes d’environnement liées au champ magnétique statique sont bien maitrisées. Le CHU dispose de matériels spécifiques (monitoring, respirateur) qui permettent la réalisation d’un examen IRM chez des patients en réanimation. La surveillance du patient dans l’aimant est prise en charge par les anesthésistes et les réanimateurs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Bien sûr, au cours de ces vingt années, les équipements IRM ont considérablement progressé, comme les équipements scanner X, et il est vrai que nous disposons, à Grenoble, d’un plateau technique de très bon niveau. Ces réussites ont nécessité de la part de chacun des partenaires locaux des efforts constants, et il faut </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">sans doute saluer ici les différents responsables qui se sont succédés au niveau du CHU, de la Faculté de Médecine, de notre Université Joseph</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">‐</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri;">Fourier, au cours de cette période. </span></p>
</div></div></div>8 novembre 2014 - Journée Internationale de la Radiologieurn:md5:105bb824452eb574dc1b728a38d6198f2014-10-22T12:30:00+02:002015-02-15T14:39:51+01:00Alexandre Krainik<p><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Brain imaging is the theme of this year’s International Day of Radiology and the ESR met with Prof. Alexandre Krainik, </span><span lang="EN-GB">professor of radiology at Joseph Fourier University (Grenoble Alps University) and chairman of the department of neuroradiology and MRI at Grenoble University Hospital, to talk about the importance of imaging in neuroradiology and how brain imaging has developed in France.</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/IDOR_2014_Webbanner_Brain_300x100px.gif" title="IDOR_2014_Webbanner_Brain_300x100px.gif"><img alt="IDOR_2014_Webbanner_Brain_300x100px.gif" src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/IDOR_2014_Webbanner_Brain_300x100px.gif" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" title="IDOR_2014_Webbanner_Brain_300x100px.gif, oct. 2014" /></a></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">International Day of Radiology 2014</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">Interview on brain imaging</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt">France / Prof. Alexandre Krainik</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">European Society of Radiology: Imaging is known for its ability to detect and diagnose diseases. What kind of brain diseases can imaging help to detect and diagnose?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">Alexandre Krainik:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Imaging is useful to detect and diagnose most brain diseases, such as vascular disorders like stroke and intracranial haemorrhage; infectious diseases like herpes, tuberculosis, and AIDS-related infections; inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis and auto-immune diseases; primary brain tumours; metastasis; toxic, acquired and inherited metabolic diseases; epilepsy; neurodegeneration; and of course trauma.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">Indeed, brain imaging is indicated for most central neurological symptoms, such as palsy, headaches, confusion, coma, seizures, abnormal movements, and cognitive disorders. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can demonstrate additional structural, metabolic, and functional abnormalities in various conditions, including psychiatric diseases. All these breakthroughs were made possible thanks to close collaboration between radiologists, physicians, anatomists, neuroscientists, physicists, and engineers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: How useful is imaging in brain disease management? Does it improve the understanding of disease or improve patient prognosis?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Imaging covers all aspects of the medical management of brain diseases. Brain imaging provides reliable data to assess and rule out most diagnoses, identify aetiology and risk factors, define the pre-therapeutic status, discuss the best treatment, and to monitor post-therapeutic changes. In addition to diagnosis, interventional neuroradiology offers great therapeutic solutions in many cerebrovascular diseases. Within this field, French neuroradiologists have been innovative and successful pioneers, such as Profs René Djindjian, Luc Picard, and Pierre Lajaunias, who made major steps in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases and malformations of the brain and the spine, using intravascular catheterisation. Interventional neuroradiology is a technical, clinically driven subspecialty with appropriate patient selection based on advanced brain imaging.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">Here is an illustrative case of the potential of neuroradiology to help us better understand and potentially improve patient prognosis (Attye <em>et al</em>. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:1320-4). A 63-year-old woman was referred for a stroke that revealed a severe stenosis of the left middle cerebral artery (arrow on the arteriography of the upper left image). Despite aggressive medical treatment, this patient experienced additional transient ischaemic attacks and stroke. This suggested that recurrent plaque emboli occurred or that the cerebrovascular reserve was exhausted. To test the cerebrovascular reserve and the ability of the autoregulation to dilate arteries downstream the stenosis in order to maintain cerebral perfusion, we measured the basal perfusion using arterial spin labelling (ASL) and the functional changes of perfusion during a hypercapnic inhalation using blood oxygenation level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) (lower middle image). The pre-therapeutic examination showed a preserved basal perfusion out of the deep stroke sequella (middle left image). BOLD fMRI showed a clear decrease in the cerebrovascular reserve into the territory of the left middle cerebral artery (cold colours in the lower left image), suggesting an exhaustion of the autoregulation when additional vasodilation is necessary. This examination supported the decision to perform arteriography and intravascular stenting of the stenosis in our department (middle upper image and arrow on the right left image). The five-month post-operative examination showed a preserved basal perfusion (middle right image) and a normalisation of the cerebrovascular reserve (lower right image). After two years, this woman is still symptom free.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/10351_Viglio_perru.jpg" title="
"><img alt="
" src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/.10351_Viglio_perru_m.jpg" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" title="10351_Viglio_perru.jpg, oct. 2014" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">This example illustrates how the medical knowledge of radiologists in collaboration with neurologists and neurosurgeons can bridge the gap between the results of large cohort studies and individual clinical cases. Indeed, we added the cerebrovascular reserve imaging in order to better understand the symptoms and to choose the best treatment. This example also illustrates how modern neuroradiology, based on the most advanced diagnosis methods, combined with interventional neuroradiology offers therapeutic solutions.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: What kind of technology and techniques do radiologists use to image the brain? Are there any specific techniques for particular diseases?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Most brain imaging relies on computed tomography (CT) and MRI. While arteriography can help to look for a subtle vascular abnormality when angio CT and angio MR are negative, arteriography is now indicated when endovascular treatment has already been decided or remains to be discussed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Technological advances in brain imaging now provide critical information far beyond gross morphology in clinical routine and all vendors have made huge efforts to provide easy-to-use software to be handled into the clinical workflow.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">High-resolution MRI allows millimetre-sized structures and abnormalities to be visualised, which is useful for diagnosis and pre-surgical mapping. Diffusion MRI is also able to depict parenchymal ischaemia very quickly after the onset of symptoms. In stroke and cerebrovascular diseases, vascular and perfusion imaging is now performed daily using CT or MRI. Functional imaging of cerebral perfusion is promising in vascular diseases, neurodegeneration, neuro-oncology, etc. MR spectroscopy shows metabolic disorders in acquired or inherited metabolic diseases. Susceptibility weighted MRI is able to show very small haemorrhages after trauma or in cases of microvascular diseases. BOLD fMRI remains useful for mapping eloquent areas before surgical resection of brain tumours or epileptic cortex. Diffusion tensor imaging allows white matter tractography to show the main neuronal fibre bundles. In fact, most brain diseases may harbour abnormalities when using all these techniques, especially brain tumours. Other techniques such as resting state fMRI have been proposed to characterise cognitive and psychiatric disorders, but their individual performance is still poor and their impact on the management of care is still questionable. The technical knowledge of radiologists in data acquisition and post-processing is crucial to validating and guaranteeing the reliability of the information provided by all these fascinating but complex techniques.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Doppler ultrasound sonography (US) is a useful technique for extracranial vascular imaging. Experienced operators can also perform intracranial screening. When necessary, angio CT and angio MR can be used to complete US examinations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Plain x-rays are not used anymore for diagnostic imaging of brain diseases. However, very specific indications may remain, such as those for perioperative deep brain stimulation (DBS) guidance. However, perioperative MRI allows DBS guidance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">In France, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are still handled by nuclear doctors. They undergo a dedicated and specific four-year training programme. It is difficult for a French radiologist to be involved in nuclear medicine practice. I regret that the gap between radiology and nuclear medicine remains so hard to bridge</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:red">.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Thus, both techniques might be considered rather more competitive than complementary. This situation may hamper imaging schemes in daily practice. Beyond economic considerations, this may also partially explain our delay in installing combined imaging technique such as PET/MRI.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: What is the difference between a radiologist and a radiographer? Who else is involved in performing brain imaging exams?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> In clinical practice, radiologists and radiographers are the ones who conduct brain imaging. The radiologist is responsible for the entire imaging examination, from its prescription to the delivery. The radiologist has to justify the chosen imaging modality, define the data acquisition procedure, interpret images according to the medical history and the status of the patient, and provide clear and reliable documents that answer to the questions raised by physicians. All invasive procedures, such as arteriography and interventional radiology, are only performed by radiologists.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">The role of the radiographer has grown with the increasing complexity of our techniques. The radiographer has to ensure the patient’s safety prior to and during the examination; to conduct and adapt the imaging procedure according to the patient’s condition and the examination findings; to post-process images; to produce and send images on plain films or, as is used now, a picture archiving and communicating system (PACS). Most of these procedures are defined according to standardised protocols. When necessary, changes in the protocols are requested or validated by the radiologist.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: How many patients undergo brain imaging exams in your country each year?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> We do not have this information. But let me try to estimate it. We have about 600 MR scanners that perform at least 5,000 MR exams a year, 50% of these exams are neuro, adding up to approx. 1,500,000 brain MR exams a year. We have about 1,200 CT scans that perform about 10,000 CT exams a year, 25% of these exams are neuro, which means approx. 3,000,000 brain CT exams a year. This means that we perform about two neuro CT exams for every one neuro MRI exam. Taken together, this would represent about 4.5 million brain imaging exams a year, for 60 million French citizens. These numbers are fairly accurate according to Prof. Jean-Pierre Pruvo, general secretary of the French Society of Radiology. Anyway, this is an important activity and I did not include the number of cerebral arteriographies and interventional procedures. This would account for at least 10,000 additional procedures a year in France. We ought to have a clearer picture this autumn, during an assembly of the French Society of Neuroradiology dedicated to interventional neuroradiology.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: Access to modern imaging equipment is important for brain imaging. Are hospitals in your country equipped to provide the necessary exams?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> The quantity of modern imaging equipment remains low in France. For instance, we have about 10 MR scanners per million inhabitants. We also have significant differences across regions, ranging from about 6 MR scanners per million inhabitants in Burgundy and Corsica, up to 15 MR scanners per million inhabitants in Paris and Nord-Pas de Calais. Despite important efforts during the last decade that led to tripling of this rate, it remains about half the mean European rate (source: http://www.sfrnet.org/). However, imaging equipment quality is excellent in most French hospitals. Moreover, our outstanding social health policy allows all patients to receive care. The population is very proud of and concerned about its healthcare policy despite its economic burden and recurrent deficit. Here, we see that further developing our technical capability may lead to an increase in the overall cost of healthcare if our financial model remains unchanged. This critical issue, which covers all medical fields, has been in debate for years now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Besides access to modern imaging, numerous technical advances have been made available in the last decade. One of the greatest challenges for the French Society of Neuroradiology and the French Society of Radiology was to provide dedicated training in advanced neuroradiology. Thus, we give numerous lectures during the annual meetings of these societies. The French Society of Neuroradiology also organises workshops focused on methods such as perfusion, spectroscopy, diffusion, fMRI, and vascular imaging. These workshops are conducted in close collaboration with methodologists, especially physicists and engineers. Thus, we provide clues and tips to better understand the values and limits of these new techniques. Now, major companies are greatly involved in these workshops. Indeed, vendors are eager to show their products to radiologists. And radiologists are always keen to master new techniques and enhance their clinical practice.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: In many countries there are waiting lists for MRI exams. How long can patients typically expect to wait for an exam in your country?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> In 2013, the mean waiting time for an MRI examination was 30 days, while it was 36 days in 2004. There are also important differences across regions. At the regional level, there is a significant negative correlation between the number of MR scanners and the waiting time for an examination (source: </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.sfrnet.org/">http://www.sfrnet.org</a></span><span lang="EN-GB">). Having more MR scanners decreases this delay. Besides the inconvenience for patients, clinicians and radiologists, an excessive waiting time for MR exams leads to increased use of CT scanners. We observe that the information given by CT to characterise a lesion or demonstrate the absence of lesion is usually not sufficient to satisfy the demand for MR exams. Thus, waiting lists for MRI have obvious adverse effects. They raise the activity of brain CT examinations and the radiation exposure to the population. In hospitals it is worse as they increase the average length of stay. Both effects have important related costs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">However, during the last decade, the number of MR scanners tripled, by up to 200%, while the mean waiting time decreased by only 20%. This suggests additional cofactors that counterbalance the increase of MR installation. We all know the excellent diagnostic performance of MRI in brain imaging. Radiologists, clinicians, and even the general public prefer to have a brain MRI than other techniques, for various reasons, including reliability, cost, perception, etc. In my opinion, this phenomenon is also due to the growing role of imaging in patient management. Previously, imaging was mainly used to depict the presence and the characteristics of lesions. Now, imaging is also frequently used to demonstrate the absence of lesions. This approach is clearly driven by an increasing societal reluctance to face uncertainty and risks. This is obvious for both patients and physicians. Sometimes, I have the feeling that our work is shifting from providing evidence for medical care to producing evidence for a court, just in case of a lawsuit. This is particularly true in cases of trauma where imaging now accompanies medical certificates. This issue is hard to address because the cost of managing uncertainty and risks is infinite. As I mentioned above, our healthcare model is challenged by both increasing demands and economic realities. As medical doctors, we have to consider the medical condition of the patient first; and this is the case in daily practice. In fact, the mean waiting time for an MRI examination does not reflect precisely the quality of healthcare in terms of imaging purposes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">In institutions that have a stroke or a trauma centre, local organisation allows brain imaging to be performed immediately. When MRI is used to monitor chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, tumours, vascular malformations, an MRI schedule is planned according to the chosen treatment. And when necessary, an MRI examination can be easily performed in an emergency in most hospitals. When MRI is used to investigate neurodegenerative diseases, MRI may be conducted within several weeks according to the patient’s care schedule. Thus, the role of radiologists is crucial to organising the clinical workflow, and to give priority access when necessary. For years, we have been promoting closer interaction between hospitals and private offices to organise more efficient patient management. However, the lack of clear roadmaps for patient care, specific duties for each medical structure, and rational funding of these radiological activities regarding the duties and expertise of the actors, and effective large-scale medical imaging networks limit the rise of this approach. Anyway, close collaboration with clinicians is absolutely necessary to avoiding misunderstanding and inappropriate communication with the patients.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: As the global population gets older, the risk of developing neurocognitive and neurodegenerative disorders increases. How can imaging help tackle this issue?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Imaging allows us to use objective biomarkers at a millimetre-scale so that we can better diagnose neurocognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, imaging allows us to identify, among patients with similar symptoms or diseases, subgroups of subjects based on morphological and functional criteria. In addition to more accurate clinical examination, neurocognitive tests, biology, and pathology, imaging allows us to reconsider nosological frameworks. For instance, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) it is amazing how different brains may appear across patients, e.g. the severity of parietal atrophy and microangiopathy, despite similar hippocampal atrophy. Advanced multimodal imaging analyses show that among these patients, several patterns could be identified. Thus, pathophysiological differences are likely among patients with probable AD. However, it is unclear whether these differences illustrate different diseases, pre- or co-existing conditions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Technical advances such as those provided by ultra-high MR fields (7 Tesla) are also fascinating. Preliminary studies showed morphological abnormalities of the substancia nigra in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. We can imagine that in AD high spatial resolution of the hippocampus could also provide a brand new semiology at the cortical layer level.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Imaging also provides evidence for pathophysiological disorders that are not properly considered yet. For instance, functional disturbances of the brain microvascularisation have been shown in small samples of AD. These impairments of the vascular function should be further investigated. They could ground potential therapeutic targets and would help to better select patients for medical trials.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">To better advocate our results obtained using advanced techniques, radiologists have to be as demanding with functional imaging as they are with structural imaging. This remains challenging because morphological abnormalities can be confirmed by pathological studies. Indeed, it is much harder to validate functional abnormalities detected by MRI on living tissues at the same spatial resolution with alternative techniques. It could rely on invasive investigations and close collaboration with preclinical researchers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">In fact, all these advances could be considered in clinical practice, once these additional data have a significant impact on the therapeutic care.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: Some imaging techniques, like x-ray and CT, use ionising radiation. What risk does this radiation pose to the patient and what kind of safety measures are in place to protect the patient?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> France is very sensitive to the ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) for radiation exposure, especially in paediatric care. The lack of MR scanners is obviously responsible for excessive use of CT scanners, which is much more accessible and easier to perform. Again, we face the economic dilemma.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">In France, several safety measures have to be respected in x-ray imaging to protect the patient against excessive ionising radiation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Radiologists and radiographers must attend a specific training every 10 years.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">All departments of radiology should be monitored by a radiation safety officer and a technician.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Diagnostic radiation exposure levels have to be measured for standard examinations and sent to the National Agency for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Quality check of x-rays devices has to be performed regularly (1–3 months for conventional radiography and CT; 1–12 months for angiography).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Radiological reports must detail the dose area product (DAP) for x-rays and arteriography, and the dose length product (DLP) and the volume CT dose index (CTDI<sub>vol</sub>) for CT.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">{C}{C}{C}<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>{C}{C}{C}<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">In cases of radiation overexposure, a clinical survey is recommended and an inquiry is conducted.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: What kind of role can imaging play in preventing and predicting brain diseases?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> Besides brain imaging in symptomatic patients, the availability and diagnostic performance of brain imaging have been emphasised to seek asymptomatic abnormalities in case of related-risks to family or personal history. In clinical practice, this prevention policy ought to be very well defined. In my opinion and despite our natural curiosity, the collected information can only lead to validated changes in patient management. The radiologist has to guarantee the medical justification of the radiological procedures, based on the clinical presentation and the impact of their findings. This condition preserves the medical role of the radiologist, the reliability and the positive predictive values of our techniques, limits inappropriate care, and manages the economy of radiology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: In general, patients don’t see the radiologist. A patient will discuss the image with the neurologist, neurosurgeon or oncologist. When they ask a question, they’re often told: “I’m not a radiologist”. Why don’t radiologists discuss the image with the patient first?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> In France, we still promote clinical radiology. Most patients are seen by radiologists. However, I know that it is becoming harder to reach this goal. Demands are increasing. Image acquisition is faster and the duration of brain imaging is shorter. We also tend to add a series to obtain additional information. Advanced techniques require rigorous quality control and post-processing. Important investments in expensive devices urge radiologists to maintain economic viability. And I haven’t even mentioned teleradiology yet. Taken together, all these elements indicate that radiologists investigate more patients and analyse more images. Thus, radiologists tend to reduce their time with the patient. This is particularly true in university hospitals, where junior radiologists also need to take sufficient time to interpret their findings. However, seeing patients remains, in most cases, medically relevant, and always essential. I agree that this time has a cost. Because radiologists are medical doctors, we have to keep practicing medicine with accuracy to avoid medical mistakes and with empathy for our patients.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">In the last decade, PACS were installed widely. We all have been fascinated by the power of these tools, especially to review previous examinations. As high-speed networks were installed between hospitals, teleradiology appeared to be a ‘modern solution’ for ‘modern medicine.’ First, it allows us to have a second look and deal with the lack of specialists in smaller units and secondly, it allows us to fully interpret examinations in order to avoid hiring a radiologist in remote areas and maximise investments. Are there any thresholds? Who would state the thresholds? Administrations, investors? I agree that ‘PACS radiology’ is helpful for expertise, to better cover broad territories, and to maintain continuity of care. However, after several years of practice, I do better understand the reluctance of my mentors. Now, I feel that we are admitting to miss the deep and necessary knowledge of the medical conditions of each patient. And of course to see each patient; I think radiologists have to maintain close contact with all patients.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">ESR: How expensive are radiological examinations to the health service and is there a risk that some of these examinations could be blocked by health technology assessment agencies deeming them to be not cost-effective (especially in relation to screening)? If so, how can patients help to ensure that these examinations are made available?</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><span lang="EN-GB">AK:</span></strong><span lang="EN-GB"> It is hard to evaluate the annual cost of brain imaging in France precisely, because radiological costs in hospitals are not properly individualised. However, and to have an idea, I can take the numbers of brain examinations estimated above. In France, an MRI examination costs about €260, so 1,500,000 exams amounts to about €390 million. A CT examination costs about €130, which for 3,000,000 exams amounts to €390 million. In total this adds up to about €780 million. This is a huge amount of money. We have seen the growth in the demand for imaging, and the increasing complexity of the techniques. In the French economic context, keeping medical radiology is economically challenging. In such a situation, I think that all individuals, patients, clinicians, and first of all radiologists, have to assume the responsibility of facing uncertainty and risks, and better consider cost-effectiveness studies. Radiologists have to lead the evolution of their practice.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong><em><span lang="EN-GB">Alexandre Krainik</span></em></strong><em><span lang="EN-GB"> is professor of radiology at Joseph Fourier University (Grenoble Alps University) and chairman of the department of neuroradiology and MRI in the Grenoble University Hospital, France. His scientific activity is focused on functional imaging of the brain, including innovative approaches such as functional imaging of perfusion, with clinical applications in the management care of vascular steno-occlusive diseases, dementia, and brain tumours. He has published 62 original articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and delivered over 200 scientific presentations at international congresses.</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span lang="EN-GB">He has published 31 review articles and book chapters and has organised several MRI and neuroradiology courses and workshops. He is a member of the board of the French Society of Neuroradiology.</span></em></p>6-10 Octobre 2015 : Fête de la Scienceurn:md5:43602562a70e6bf13c6e6166ed49933d2014-10-18T15:14:00+02:002015-09-26T07:46:28+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Grand public<br /><strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> Conférences et journée portes ouvertes à la plateforme IRMaGe<br /><ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Pr Alexandre Krainik (Université Joseph Fourier - CHU Grenoble)<br /><strong><ins>Informations :</ins></strong> nmicoud@chu-grenoble.fr</p>23-25 Septembre 2015 : Atelier diagnostique de la Société Française de Neuroradiologie (SFNR)urn:md5:741a009142756b9ec4ec0493f0d7f21c2014-10-18T14:40:00+02:002015-09-24T14:16:12+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (neuroradiologues, membres de la SFNR). 50 participants (places limitées).<br /><strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> cours et atelier pratique à Aix-les-Bains<br /><ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Dr Sylvie Grand (Université Joseph Fourier - CHU Grenoble)<br /><strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> nmicoud@chu-grenoble.fr</p>21-25 septembre 2015 : Brain Connectivity Courseurn:md5:9bff589c329fda1ebff601a98acf14292014-10-18T14:30:00+02:002015-09-26T07:44:57+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (physiciens, biologistes, médecins,...). 40 participants (places limitées).<br /><strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> Cours et ateliers au Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences<br /><ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Dr Assia Jaillard (CHU Grenoble), Pr Tom Zefirro (Harvard Medical School, Boston-USA) <br /><strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> nmicoud@chu-grenoble.fr</p>12-13 juin 2015 : Atelier IC2KnoW - Maladies Neurodégénératives (Alzheimer, Parkinson,...), Encéphalopathies Métaboliques, Toxiques, Génétiquesurn:md5:5c0d70207f2aad8be7f8fb6d53fe0bc42014-10-18T14:00:00+02:002015-09-26T07:45:21+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (radiologues, neurologues, médecins généralistes, psychologues,...). 3<span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">0 participants (places limitées).</span><br />
<strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> cours et atelier pratique à Menthon Saint-Bernard (Lac d’Annecy)<br />
<ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Pr Alexandre Krainik (Université Joseph Fourier - CHU Grenoble)<br />
<strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> <a href="http://ic2know.com/">http://ic2know.com/</a></p>30-31 mai 2015 : Journées francophones d'IRM de l'Association Française du Personnel Paramédical d’Electroradiologie (AFPPE)urn:md5:d4f024e4846660d77c1054399807b9a62014-10-18T13:58:00+02:002015-09-24T14:12:51+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (manipulateurs d'électroradiologie, radiologues)<br /><strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> Conférence à Grenoble Alpes Congrès <br /><ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> M Dominique Bonnet (AFPPE)<br /><strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong>
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</p>20-21 mars 2015 : Réunion du CLUTAV de la Société Française de Neuroradiologie (SFNR) - Morphométrie, Segmentationurn:md5:c60959b1a02f993d9269b14b56e8a81d2014-10-18T13:30:00+02:002015-09-24T14:13:30+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015<p>Organisée sous l'égide de la Structure Fédérative de Recherche n°1 de l'Université Joseph Fourier et de la Société Française de Radiologie - Rhône Alpes, la 10ème réunion du Club des Techniques Avancées de la Société Française de Neuroradiologie, le CLUTAV, portera sur la segmentation et la morphométrie de l'encéphale.</p> <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (neuroradiologues membres de la SFNR, chercheurs et étudiants en neuroimagerie et neurosciences, radiologues de la région Rhône-Alpes)</p>
<p><strong><ins>Programme :</ins></strong> </p>
<p><strong>Vendredi 20 mars de 14 à 19h :</strong> Accès libre au World Trade Center de Grenoble</p>
<ul>
<li>Classification automatique des tissus, structures et lésions dans les IRM cérébrales : état de l'art et application à l'AVC. Michel Dojat - Grenoble</li>
<li>Techniques avancées de morphométrie cérébrale : dernières nouvelles de Boston! L Hermoye, W Gradkowski, N Schmansky, B Fischl - Bruxelles, Belgique; Boston, USA</li>
<li>Segmentation et atrophie cérébrale appliquée à la sclérose en plaques. François Cotton - Lyon</li>
<li>Phénotypes du vieillissement neuroanatomique: volumétrie tissulaire, et détection d’hypersignaux dans des cohortes de sujets âgés. Bernard Mazoyer – Bordeaux</li>
<li>Intérêt de la volumétrie dans les maladies neurodégénératives. Christine Delmaire, Renaud Lopes - Lille</li>
<li>Suivi d'une tumeur cérébrale, intérêt de la volumétrie ? Sylvie Grand – Grenoble </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Samedi 21 mars de 8h30 à 17h30 :</strong> Accès réservé aux membres de la SFNR à l'Unité IRM du CHU de Grenoble. Inscription nécessaire.</p>
<ul>
<li>Ateliers pratiques sur stations de travail avec les outils proposés par Philips, GE, Siemens, Olea, Imagilys, Locus. </li>
</ul>
<p><br />
<ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Pr Alexandre Krainik (Université Joseph Fourier - CHU Grenoble)<br />
<strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> nmicoud@chu-grenoble.fr</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a class="media-link" href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/affiche_Clutav-2015.jpg"><img alt="affiche_Clutav-2015.jpg" class="media" src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/.affiche_Clutav-2015_m.jpg" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" title="affiche_Clutav-2015.jpg, janv. 2015" /></a></p>18-20 Mars 2015 : Congrès de la Société Française de Résonance Magnétique en Biologie et Médecine (SFRMBM)urn:md5:d793f3e07b7d665725ed7eb8aed876f22014-10-18T13:03:00+02:002015-09-24T14:12:31+02:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (physiciens, biologistes, médecins,...)<br /><strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> Conférences au World Trade Center à Grenoble<br /><ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> M Emmanuel Barbier (Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences - Inserm)<br /><strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> <a title="sfrmbm2015" href="http://sfrmbm2015.sciencesconf.org/">http://sfrmbm2015.sciencesconf.org/</a></p>6-7 Février 2015 : Atelier IC2Know – Tumeurs Crânio-Encéphaliquesurn:md5:496adc6562411634650aa31ef0c62b8f2014-10-18T12:33:00+02:002015-02-15T13:12:38+01:00Alexandre KrainikEvenements 2015 <p><ins><strong>Public :</strong></ins> Professionnel (radiologues, neurologues, neurochirurgiens, oncologues,...). 3<span style="line-height: 20.7999992370605px;">0 participants (places limitées).</span><br />
<strong><ins>Déroulement :</ins></strong> cours et atelier pratique à Menthon Saint-Bernard (Lac d’Annecy)<br />
<ins><strong>Organisation :</strong></ins> Pr Alexandre Krainik (Université Joseph Fourier - CHU Grenoble)<br />
<strong><ins>Informations et inscription :</ins></strong> <a href="http://ic2know.com/">http://ic2know.com/</a></p>30 ans d'innovations en IRMurn:md5:6c23cca448d606090a160b74d6e1fadc2014-10-18T06:57:00+02:002015-10-08T05:10:54+02:00Cédric MendozaHistoire de l'IRM à Grenoble<p><strong style="line-height: 1.6em;">Il y a 30 ans, l’hôpital universitaire de Grenoble installe la 1<sup>ère</sup> IRM corps entier de France. </strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6em;">En 2015, de nombreux évènements fêtent cette révolution technologique et médicale issue de l’étroite collaboration entre le CHU de Grenoble, l’Université Joseph Fourier, l’Inserm et le CEA. Article de Alexandre Krainik, Jean-François Le Bas et Chantal Rémy.</strong></p> <h1>Grenoble, pionnière en imagerie médicale</h1>
<h4>par Alexandre Krainik, Jean-François Le Bas, Chantal Rémy</h4>
<div><img src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/vision5.jpg" alt="vision5.jpg" title="vision5.jpg, oct. 2014" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" /></div>
<p>Les développements de l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM), à l'interface entre la physique et la médecine, s'inscrivent dans le contexte plus général du développement de l’imagerie médicale numérique en coupe. Dans les années 70, des réalisations importantes en imagerie X (tomodensitomètre « fan beam ») et en imagerie nucléaire (Gamma Camera, TEP) sont initiées au LETI/CENG, dans le cadre de partenariats industriels (CGR, Sopha Medical) et de collaborations avec le CHU de Grenoble. </p>
<p>Au début des années 80 et dans le sillage des travaux sur le magnétisme menés à Grenoble par Louis Néel, physicien français, lauréat du Prix Nobel de Physique en 1970, des médecins et des chercheurs autour du Pr Alim-Louis Benabid commencent à s’intéresser aux développements des applications de la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) en Biologie et en Médecine. La possibilité de réaliser des images numériques en coupe permet la mise au point de l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM). C’est à cette époque que la Compagnie Générale de Radiologie (CGR) se lance dans la fabrication d’IRM. La richesse des informations apportées par l’IRM est révolutionnaire. Cette période est très riche pour tous les pionniers qui y participent.</p>
<ul><li>En 1983, le CHU, fort de l’expérience acquise dans le domaine de l’imagerie en coupe, se porte acquéreur d’un des tous premiers équipements construits, en proposant un programme d’évaluation porté par le Pr Jean-François Le Bas et soutenu par le Ministère de la Recherche.</li>
<li>En 1985, le 1<sup>er</sup> imageur 0,5 Tesla de France est installé au CHU de Grenoble dans un bâtiment construit spécifiquement (Unité IRM).</li>
<li>En 1993, le CHU installe une 2<sup>ème</sup> IRM plus puissante (1,5 Tesla soit 30 000 fois le champ magnétique terrestre) à coté du 1<sup>er</sup> équipement qui est changé pour une IRM 1,5 Tesla General Electric (GE) après le rachat de la CGR par GE. Une convention Public-Privé entre l’unité IRM et des radiologues libéraux leur permet d’acquérir une formation et un accès à ces IRM.</li>
<li>En 2009, la 1<sup>ère</sup> IRM 3 Tesla à double émission de France est installée au CHU de Grenoble par la Société Philips.</li>
<li>En 2012, la 1<sup>ère</sup> intervention Neurochirurgicale d’implantation d’électrodes intracérébrales sous contrôle IRM réalisée en France est réalisée par le Pr Stéphan Chabardès à l’Unité IRM du CHU de Grenoble, en collaboration avec le Pr Paul Larson de l’Université de San Francisco.</li>
</ul>
<p>Cette nouvelle modalité d’imagerie est l’objet de nombreux travaux de recherche en physique, biologie et médecine menés dans différents laboratoires grenoblois (UJF, CEA, CRSSA).</p>
<ul><li>De 1980 à 1983 : premières études RMN <em>ex vivo</em> puis <em>in vivo</em> sur les tumeurs cérébrales sur des équipements du CEA.</li>
<li>En 1984-1985 : installation des premières IRM précliniques dans un laboratoire universitaire au CHU de Grenoble</li>
<li>En 1994, le 1<sup>er</sup> Institut Fédératif de Recherche de France (IFR1) est créé par le Ministère de l’Enseignement et de la Recherche. Il regroupe plusieurs équipes du site (UJF, Inserm, CRSSA, CHU de Grenoble). Coordonné par le Pr Jean-François Le Bas, il s’est progressivement élargi aux Neurosciences Cognitives et à d’autres laboratoires grenoblois (LPNC, GIPSA-lab) en mettant en œuvre des techniques d’IRM fonctionnelle cérébrale (IRMf). En 2011, il est reconduit par l’UJF en Structure Fédérative de Recherche n°1 (SFR1).</li>
<li>En 1995, un laboratoire INSERM (U438), ciblant les développements de la RMN biomédicale, est créé par Michel Décorps puis dirigé par Christoph Segebarth. Des appareils spécifiques à très haut champ sont acquis pour mener des études précliniques sur le vivant et des échantillons biologiques.</li>
<li>En 2001, une IRM corps entier 3 Tesla (partenariat Bruker) dédiée à la recherche clinique et en neurosciences cognitives est installée au CHU de Grenoble en appui à un projet sélectionné au niveau national et grâce au Contrat de Plan Etat-Région (CPER). Cette IRM est remplacée en 2011.</li>
<li>En 2010 dans le cadre d’un partenariat scientifique avec Philips, une nouvelle IRM 3 Tesla dédiée au développement méthodologique est installée au Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (Centre de Recherche INSERM U836), avec le soutien de l’UJF. En France, une structure unique est alors mise en place à Grenoble avec 3 IRM 3 Tesla identiques (dont une acquise par le CHU de Grenoble, en remplacement du 1,5 Tesla), permettant d’assurer un continuum entre le développement méthodologique, la recherche clinique et l’activité médicale. Cette unicité technologique permet le transfert des avancées méthodologiques au bénéfice de la recherche médicale et de la pratique médicale quotidienne.</li>
<li>En 2012, la plateforme IRMaGe (Unité Mixte de Service en partenariat avec UJF-Inserm-CHU-CNRS) est créée pour gérer les IRM dédiées à la recherche, et d’autres équipements annexes d’exploration fonctionnelle cérébrale (EEG, TMS, NIRS). </li>
<li>En 2013, la 1<sup>ère</sup> IRM 1,5T corps entier mobile de France est installée au bloc opératoire de CLINATEC (Centre de recherche du CEA - Grenoble).</li>
<li>En 2014, une IRM 9,4T équipée d’une cryosonde avec une résolution spatiale de l’ordre de 50 microns est installée pour la recherche préclinique dans le cadre d’un programme national (FLI : France Life Imaging).</li>
</ul>
<p>En 30 ans, les médecins radiologues et les chercheurs grenoblois ont mené des développements importants en IRM, et en particulier en IRM cérébrale. Forte de cette histoire, Grenoble demeure un des principaux centres français de formation et de recherche en IRM.</p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>L’IRM aujourd’hui</strong></p>
<p>A présent, l’IRM permet d’explorer de multiples organes, le système nerveux, le rachis, la face et le cou, l’appareil digestif, les reins, les seins, le pelvis, l’appareil locomoteur,...</p>
<p>Les progrès technologiques ont permis d’accroître la quantité et la qualité des images acquises en quelques minutes. L’IRM offre des informations micro-structurelles, métaboliques et fonctionnelles. Son utilité médicale est largement reconnue dans la prise en charge de nombreuses pathologies telles que le cancer, l’accident vasculaire cérébral ou encore les maladies neurodégénératives telles que la Maladie d’Alzheimer et la Maladie de Parkinson.</p>
<p>L’agglomération grenobloise dispose de 12 IRM médicales. Cinq IRM sont installées au CHU de Grenoble dont une pour l’exploration des enfants à l’Hôpital Couple-Enfant. Sept autres IRM sont installées à l'hôpital de Voiron, dans des cliniques et des cabinets libéraux. Les IRM sont fournies par les principaux industriels de ce marché en France : Philips, General Electric et Siemens. Bien qu’il y ait eu de nombreuses installations d’IRM en France et dans l’agglomération grenobloise au cours des 10 dernières années, le niveau d’équipement reste à peu près deux fois plus faible que celui de nos voisins européens. Alors que les organisations hospitalières permettent la réalisation d’examen en urgence, les délais d’attente pour des rendez-vous programmés demeurent élevés. Il conduit, en imagerie cérébrale en particulier, à la réalisation excessive de scanners irradiants en attendant l’IRM qui peut offrir des informations plus précises</p>
<p>En matière d’IRM et de recherche, la force de Grenoble repose principalement sur son environnement scientifique de renommée internationale et sur la présence de six équipements dédiés (3 pour l’homme et 3 pour l’animal) gérés par la plateforme « IRMaGe », Unité mixte de Service (UJF, CHU, Inserm, CNRS) dirigée par Mme Chantal Rémy. La présence d’un personnel technique de haut niveau en lien avec les équipes méthodologiques permet d’accueillir des équipes de recherche publiques et privées pour réaliser des travaux originaux sur les développements techniques en IRM et leurs applications en physiologie, physiopathologie et neurosciences cognitives. Cette activité a conduit à la publication de plus de 500 articles scientifiques.</p>
<p><strong>L’IRM à Grenoble en 2015</strong></p>
<p>En 2015, plusieurs conférences et ateliers sont organisés à Grenoble et dans la région Rhône Alpes :</p>
<ul><li>Des journées portes-ouvertes et des conférences grand public ont lieu pendant la fête de la Science au mois d’Octobre.</li>
<li>Le 2<sup>ème</sup> congrès de la Société Française de Résonance Magnétique en Biologie et en Médecine réunit près de 200 physiciens, biologistes et médecins investis dans les innovations en IRM pour présenter leurs avancées au mois de Mars.</li>
<li>Les 29<sup>èmes</sup> journées francophones d’IRM de l’Association Française du Personnel Paramédical d’Electroradiologie réunit près de 1000 techniciens au mois de Mai.</li>
<li>Le 2<sup>ème</sup> Brain Connectivity Course co-organisé par la SFR 1 et l’Université d’Harvard propose un enseignement international sur la connectivité cérébrale aux chercheurs, ingénieurs et médecins au mois de Septembre.</li>
<li>La Société Française de Neuroradiologie organise deux ateliers de formation pour les neuroradiologues francophones au mois de Mars et de Septembre.</li>
<li>L’Association Grenobloise pour le Développement de la Recherche en Radiologie organise deux ateliers de formation aux radiologues sur l’imagerie des tumeurs cérébrales et des maladies neurodégénératives en Février et en Juin.</li>
</ul>
<p>Aujourd’hui, 30 ans après la première installation d’une IRM au CHU de Grenoble, on peut se féliciter du chemin parcouru et remercier les institutions partenaires (UJF, CHU, Inserm et CNRS), la Région Rhône Alpes et le CLARA.</p>
<p>2015 est aussi l’occasion de mener des réflexions sur les enjeux en IRM pour redéfinir les meilleures stratégies avec les différents partenaires médicaux, scientifiques et territoriaux de la région grenobloise. </p>
<p> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Contact : </strong>Pr Alexandre Krainik, Directeur de la SFR1</p>
<p align="center"> Chef de Service de la Clinique Universitaire de Neuroradiologie et IRM</p>
<p align="center">CHU Grenoble – CS 10217, Grenoble 38043 cedex9. Email: <a href="mailto:akrainik@chu-grenoble.fr" hreflang="fr" title="mailto:akrainik@chu-grenoble.fr">akrainik@chu-grenoble.fr</a></p>2015 à Grenoble : Conférences et Ateliersurn:md5:e8f3024232a9cae0684a62ed7e24ce6f2014-10-17T11:10:00+02:002015-02-15T14:17:17+01:00Cédric Mendoza <p><a class="media-link" href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/30ansGre_MAJ_150127_small.jpg"><img alt="30ansGre_MAJ_150127_small.jpg" class="media" src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/.30ansGre_MAJ_150127_small_m.jpg" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" title="30ansGre_MAJ_150127_small.jpg, fév. 2015" /></a></p>10ème réunion du CLUTAV de la Société Française de Neuroradiologieurn:md5:f5e6a5821fe92aaa4602aceb4de152842014-10-16T16:23:00+02:002015-09-26T13:01:59+02:00Alexandre Krainik <p><a href="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/?post/2014/10/20/20-21-mars-2015-%3A-R%C3%A9union-du-CLUTAV-de-la-Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-Fran%C3%A7aise-de-Neuroradiologie-%28SFNR%29-Morphom%C3%A9trie%2C-Segmentation"><img alt="affiche_Clutav-2015.jpg" class="media" src="http://www.30ans-irm-grenoble2015.com/public/.affiche_Clutav-2015_s.jpg" style="margin: 0 auto; display: block;" title="affiche_Clutav-2015.jpg, janv. 2015" /></a></p>